Eficácia in sílico do florfenicol no tratamento de pododermatite infecciosa por Fusobacterium necrophorum em ovelhas / In sílico efficacy of florfenicol in the treatment of Fusobacterium necrophorum infectious pododermatitis in sheep

Objetivou-se comparar o efeito in silico do florfenicol nas doses de 20 e 30 mg/Kg em ovinos pelas vias intravenosa (IV) e intramuscular (IM), usando a modelagem PK/PD. Realizou-se uma simulação de Monte Carlo com base nos dados de concentração plasmática de um estudo publicado anteriormente. Calculou-se a área sob a curva (ASC) e as taxas de eficácia do florfenicol para os efeitos bacteriostático, bactericida e de erradicação bacteriológica. A dose de 20 mg/Kg IV demonstrou efeitos de erradicação de 100, 93 e 0% para CIM de 0,5, 1 e acima, respectivamente. O efeito bacteriostático foi de 99 e 90% para CIM de 4 e 2 µg/ml, enquanto o bactericida foi de 14% para CIM de 2 µg/ml. A dose de 30 mg/Kg IV apresentou 100% de erradicação para CIM de 1 µg/mL e 100% de efeito bactericida para CIM de 2 µg/mL. Há 100% de efeito bacteriostático em CIM de 4 µg/ml. As doses de 20 e 30 mg/Kg IM mostraram 100% de erradicação para CIM até 1 µg/mL e 0% para CIM maiores. O efeito bacteriostático foi mantido em 100% para uma CIM de 4 µg/mL em ambas as doses. Este estudo mostra o efeito de erradicação bacteriológica do florfenicol nas doses de 20 e 30 mg/Kg, IV e IM. Recomenda-se que seja feito um estudo de eficácia in vivo com a dose de 30mg/Kg IM em ovinos infectados por F. necrophorum com MIC superior a 2 µg/mL.

We aimed to compare the in silico effect of florfenicol at doses of 20 and 30 mg/Kg in sheep by intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) routes, using PK/PD modeling. We performed a Monte Carlo simulation based on plasma concentration data from a previously published study. We calculated the area under the curve (AUC) and the efficacy rates of florfenicol to bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and bacteriological eradication effects. The dose of 20 mg/Kg IV demonstrated 100, 93, and 0% eradication effects for MICs of 0.5, 1, and above, respectively. The bacteriostatic effect was 99 and 90% for MIC of 4 and 2 µg/ml, while the bactericide was 14% for MIC of 2 µg/ml. The 30 mg/Kg IV dose showed 100% eradication for MIC of 1 µg/mL and 100% bactericidal effect for MIC of 2 µg/mL. There is a 100% of bacteriostatic effect at MIC of 4 µg/ml. Doses of 20 and 30 mg/Kg IM showed 100% eradication for MIC up to 1 µg/mL and 0% for MIC above. The bacteriostatic effect was maintained at 100% for a MIC of 4 µg/mL at both doses. This study shows the bacteriological eradication effect of florfenicol at doses of 20 and 30 mg/Kg, IV, and IM. Therefore, we recommend an in vivo efficacy study with a dose of 30mg/Kg IM in sheep infected with F. necrophorum with MIC greater than two µg/mL.

First record of antibodies to the bluetongue virus in ewe (Ovis aries) in the state of Amazonas, Brazil / Primeiro registro de anticorpos para o vírus da língua azul em ovino (Ovis aries) no estado do Amazonas, Brasil

The objective of this work was to describe the first record of antibodies to the Bluetongue Virus (BTV) in ewe, in the state of Amazonas. The ewe, which was in twin pregnancy, gave birth on May 9, 2015, but a lamb died hours after delivery. Veterinary service was then requested by the owner, where emaciation, loss of wool, pyrexia, apathy, dyspnea, mucoid nasal secretion, facial, lingual and submandibular edema were observed. There was a visit by the Agricultural Defense Agency of the State of Amazonas to the property and blood samples were collected from the animal. The whole blood and serum were sent to the National Agricultural Laboratory, where it was possible to detect the presence of specific antibodies to BTV, through the Agar Gel Double Immunodiffusion. The ewe was submitted to a new blood collection, following the same protocols and the samples were sent to the Biological Institute of São Paulo, confirmed diagnosis. The animal in a serious clinical condition, could not resist and died in July 2015. The occurrence of an allochthonous case, in an area where vector insects occur, can trigger an endemic process in the Amazon region. With this, the epidemiological control of these occurrences is necessary, in order to avoid the spread of the disease in the country.

O objetivo do trabalho foi descrever o primeiro registro de anticorpos para o Vírus da Língua Azul (VLA) em ovino, no estado do Amazonas. A ovelha, que se encontrava em gestação gemelar, pariu no dia 9 de maio de 2015, porém um cordeiro faleceu horas após o parto. Foi então solicitado serviço veterinário por parte do proprietário, onde foi observado emaciação, perda de lã, pirexia, apatia, dispneia, secreção nasal mucoide, edema facial, lingual e submandibular. Houve visita da Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado do Amazonas na propriedade e coletadas amostras de sangue do animal. O sangue total e soro foram enviados ao Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário, no qual foi possível detectar a presença de anticorpos específicos para VLA, através do teste de Imunodifusão Dupla em Gel de Ágar. A ovelha foi submetida a uma nova coleta de sangue, seguindo os mesmos protocolos e as amostras foram enviadas ao Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, confirmando diagnóstico. O animal em estado clínico grave, não resistiu e veio a óbito em julho de 2015. A ocorrência de um caso alóctone, em uma área de ocorrência de insetos vetores, pode desencadear um processo de endemia na região amazônica. Com isso, o controle epidemiológico destas ocorrências, se fazem necessários, afim de se evitar a disseminação da doença no país.

Effects of maternal periconceptional undernutrition in sheep on offspring glucose-insulin axis function into adulthood.

Maternal periconceptional undernutrition (PCUN) affected fetal pancreatic maturation in late gestation lambs and impaired glucose tolerance in 10-month-old sheep. To examine the importance of the timing of maternal undernutrition around conception, a further cohort was born to PCUN ewes [undernourished for 61 d before conception (PreC), 30 d after conception (PostC), or 61 d before until 30 d after conception (PrePostC)], or normally fed ewes (Control) (n = 15-20/group). We compared glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, and sensitivity at 36 months of age. We also examined protein expression of insulin signalling proteins in muscle from these animals and in muscle from a fetal cohort (132 d of gestation; n = 7-10/group). Adult PostC and PrePostC sheep had higher glucose area under the curve than Controls (P = 0.07 and P = 0.02, respectively), whereas PreC sheep were similar to Controls (P = 0.97). PostC and PrePostC had reduced first-phase insulin secretion compared with Control (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02, respectively). PreC was similar to Control (P = 0.12). Skeletal muscle SLC2A4 protein expression in PostC and PrePostC was increased 19%-58% in fetuses (P = 0.004), but decreased 39%-43% in adult sheep (P = 0.003) compared with Controls. Consistent with this, protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ) protein expression tended to be increased in fetal (P = 0.09) and reduced in adult (P = 0.07) offspring of all PCUN ewes compared with Controls. Maternal PCUN alters several aspects of offspring glucose homeostasis into adulthood. These findings suggest that maternal periconceptional nutrition has a lasting impact on metabolic homeostasis of the offspring.

Doenças do sistema digestório de pequenos ruminantes no norte do Paraná / Digestive disorders of small ruminants in northern Paraná

As doenças do sistema digestório de ovinos e caprinos no norte do Paraná foram avaliadas por meio de um estudo retrospectivo de 427 pequenos ruminantes atendidos no Ambulatório de Grandes Animais, do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, no período de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2015. Para isso, foi realizada revisão das fichas clínicas dos pequenos ruminantes com afecções do sistema digestório, determinando a ocorrência, principais características clínicas, tratamentos instituídos e evolução dos casos. Os dados foram tabulados e submetidos a um estudo descritivo das variáveis, observando a distribuição das frequências (%) das condições analisadas. As afecções do sistema digestório foram diagnosticadas em 38,64% (165/427) dos atendimentos realizados. Vinte e seis animais apresentaram duas afecções no momento do atendimento, totalizando 191 enfermidades diagnosticadas. Dentre essas enfermidades, as mais comumente diagnosticadas foram: hemoncose (27,7%; 53/191), acidose láctica ruminal aguda (18,8%; 36/191), eimeriose (13,6%; 26/191) e indigestão simples (6,8%; 13/191). O aumento da criação de ovinos e caprinos no estado do Paraná reitera a importância do desenvolvimento de estudos como o presente trabalho, a fim de identificar as enfermidades mais frequentes e preparar o médico veterinário para o diagnóstico e tratamento correto.

Sheep and Goat's digestive disorders in northern Paraná were evaluated by a retrospective study of 427 small ruminants treated at the State University of Londrina's Veterinary Hospital (HV-UEL), from January 2006 to December 2015. Analysis of medical records of small ruminants with digestive disorder were performed, determining the occurrence, main clinical signs, established treatments and outcome of cases. Data were tabulated and submitted to a descriptive study of variables, observing frequency distribution (%) of analyzed conditions. Digestive disorders occurs in 38,6% (165/427) of cases in small ruminants at the studied period. Among these diseases, the most common were: hemoncose (27.7%; 53/191), acute rumen lactic acidosis (18.8%; 36/191), eimeriosis (13.6%; 26/191) and simple indigestion (6.8%; 13/191). The increase in sheep and goats' flock in the state of Paraná reiterates the importance of developing studies such as the present study, in order to identify the most frequent diseases and prepare the veterinarian for the correct diagnosis and treatment.

Doenças do sistema digestório de pequenos ruminantes no norte do Paraná / Digestive disorders of small ruminants in northern Paraná

As doenças do sistema digestório de ovinos e caprinos no norte do Paraná foram avaliadas por meio de um estudo retrospectivo de 427 pequenos ruminantes atendidos no Ambulatório de Grandes Animais, do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, no período de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2015. Para isso, foi realizada revisão das fichas clínicas dos pequenos ruminantes com afecções do sistema digestório, determinando a ocorrência, principais características clínicas, tratamentos instituídos e evolução dos casos. Os dados foram tabulados e submetidos a um estudo descritivo das variáveis, observando a distribuição das frequências (%) das condições analisadas. As afecções do sistema digestório foram diagnosticadas em 38,64% (165/427) dos atendimentos realizados. Vinte e seis animais apresentaram duas afecções no momento do atendimento, totalizando 191 enfermidades diagnosticadas. Dentre essas enfermidades, as mais comumente diagnosticadas foram: hemoncose (27,7%; 53/191), acidose láctica ruminal aguda (18,8%; 36/191), eimeriose (13,6%; 26/191) e indigestão simples (6,8%; 13/191). O aumento da criação de ovinos e caprinos no estado do Paraná reitera a importância do desenvolvimento de estudos como o presente trabalho, a fim de identificar as enfermidades mais frequentes e preparar o médico veterinário para o diagnóstico e tratamento correto.

Sheep and Goat’s digestive disorders in northern Paraná were evaluated by a retrospective study of 427 small ruminants treated at the State University of Londrina’s Veterinary Hospital (HV-UEL), from January 2006 to December 2015. Analysis of medical records of small ruminants with digestive disorder were performed, determining the occurrence, main clinical signs, established treatments and outcome of cases. Data were tabulated and submitted to a descriptive study of variables, observing frequency distribution (%) of analyzed conditions. Digestive disorders occurs in 38,6% (165/427) of cases in small ruminants at the studied period. Among these diseases, the most common were: hemoncose (27.7%; 53/191), acute rumen lactic acidosis (18.8%; 36/191), eimeriosis (13.6%; 26/191) and simple indigestion (6.8%; 13/191). The increase in sheep and goats’ flock in the state of Paraná reiterates the importance of developing studies such as the present study, in order to identify the most frequent diseases and prepare the veterinarian for the correct diagnosis and treatment.

High proportion of cattle and sheep seropositive and renal carriers of Leptospira sp. under semiarid conditions / Alta proporção de bovinos e ovinos soropositivos e portadores renais de Leptospira sp. em condições semiáridas

The aims of this study were to perform serological and molecular detection of Leptospira sp. infection in cattle and sheep under semiarid conditions. Based on a preliminary study performed in our research group, we selected six rural properties showing a positivity ≥ 60% for Sejroe serogroup with titer ≥ 200 measured in serological tests from cattle. In the present study, blood and urine samples were collected from 99 females of reproductive age (51 cattle and 48 sheep) for serological diagnosis, molecular detection and Leptospira sp. attempt to strain recovery. Of the 99 analyzed animals 38.4% (38/99) were positively reactive at the serological tests. Of them, 49% (25/51) were cattle and 27.1% (13/48) sheep. The serogroups detected in cattle were Sejroe (36.8%), Hebdomadis (26.3%), Australis (10.5%), Djasiman (10.5%), Ballum (5.3%), Pomona (5.3%), and Cynopteri (5.3%) with titers of 100­800. In sheep, the reactive serogroups were Australis (27.3%), Ballum (27.3%), Djasiman (18.1%), Tarassovi (9.1%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (9.1%), and Cynopteri (9.1%) with titers of 100­400.Leptospiral DNA was detected in nine urine samples, including five cattle and four sheep. Property 1 showed the highest serological positivity frequencies for both cattle (70.6%) and sheep (70.6%). Similarly, the highest frequency of DNA detection was also found (eight samples, 89%). In this property, we observed the existence of consorted rearing of cattle and sheep with close coexistence between these species. In semiarid conditions, transmission among animals of the same species seems to be the main form of Leptospira sp. dissemination in cattle and sheep herds. However, the contribution of other domestic and wild animals cannot be discarded. The practice of consorted rearing of cattle and sheep and their close coexistence may facilitate the spread of the pathogen in rural properties.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram realizar detecção sorológica e molecular da infecção por Leptospira sp. em bovinos e ovinos em condições semiáridas. Com base em estudo preliminar realizado em nosso grupo de pesquisa, foram selecionadas seis propriedades rurais com soropositividade ≥ 60% para o sorogrupo Sejroe com título ≥ 200 em bovinos. No presente estudo, amostras de sangue e urina foram coletadas de 99 fêmeas em idade reprodutiva (51 bovinos e 48 ovinos) para diagnóstico sorológico, detecção molecular e tentativa de recuperação de estirpesde Leptospira sp. Dos 99 animais analisados, 38,4% (38/99) foram sororeativos nos testes sorológicos. Destes, 49% (25/51) eram bovinos e 27,1% (13/48) ovinos. Os sorogrupos detectados em bovinos foram Sejroe (36,8%), Hebdomadis (26,3%), Australis (10,5%), Djasiman (10,5%), Ballum (5,3%), Pomona (5,3%) e Cynopteri (5,3%) com títulos de 100 a 800. Nos ovinos, os sorogrupos reativos foram Australis (27,3%), Ballum (27,3%), Djasiman (18,1%), Tarassovi (9,1%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (9,1%) e Cynopteri (9,1%) com títulos de 100-400. O DNA leptospiral foi detectado em nove amostras de urina, incluindo cinco bovinos e quatro ovinos. A propriedade 1 apresentou as maiores frequências de positividade sorológica para bovinos (70,6%) e ovinos (70,6%). Da mesma forma, a maior frequência de detecção de DNA também foi encontrada (oito amostras, 89%). Nesta propriedade observou-se a existência de criação consorciada de bovinos e ovinos com estreita convivência entre estas espécies. Em condições semiáridas, a transmissão entre animais da mesma espécie parece ser a principal forma de disseminação de Leptospira sp. em rebanhos bovinos e ovinos. No entanto, a contribuição de outros animais domésticos e selvagens não pode ser descartada. A prática de criação consorciada de bovinos e ovinos e sua estreita convivência podem facilitar a disseminação do patógeno em propriedades rurais.

Prolapso retal em pequenos ruminantes: etiologia, técnicas anestésicas e cirúrgicas e evolução clínica em 12 animais - relato de caso / Rectal prolapse in small ruminants: etiology, anesthetic and surgical techniques, and outcome in 12 animals - case report

Este relato descreve o prolapso retal de grau II intermitente ou permanente em nove ovinos e três caprinos. Para se estabelecer e tratar a causa primária, o histórico clínico foi minuciosamente explorado, sendo complementado pelo atendimento a campo. Nos pacientes predominou sobrepeso e tosse devido à pneumonia e, em menor proporção, verminose e prenhez. Entre os fatores predisponentes identificados na propriedade estavam a inadequada ventilação e o excesso de poeira e amônia nas instalações, o que foi associado à prevalência alta de pneumonia. O tratamento incluiu a redução manual (T1) ou a amputação retal (T2), mediante anestesia epidural sacrococcígea ou lombossacral, respectivamente, com ou sem neuroleptoanalgesia, seguidas de sutura perianal em bolsa de tabaco captonada. Os tratamentos foram eficazes em todos os animais, embora com recidiva e necessidade de nova intervenção em dois pacientes após seu retorno à propriedade. Segundo a literatura consultada, este é o primeiro relato de prolapso em caprinos. Conclui-se que o histórico e a avaliação da propriedade são importantes para identificar e tratar a causa primária do prolapso, evitando-se recidivas, e que a cirurgia e o protocolo anestésico aqui utilizados foram eficientes e podem ser praticados mesmo em condições de campo.(AU)

Nine ovine and three caprine with grade II intermittent or permanent rectal prolapse were treated, with the first report in caprine, according to the consulted literature. The clinical history was deeply explored with the clinical evaluation of the livestock. Among the causative factors identified were the inappropriate ventilation with high levels of dust and ammonia in the facilities, which was correlated to the high incidence of pneumonia and cough. The causative factors identified in the patients were overweight, pneumonia and cough, and, less predominately, verminosis and pregnancy. The treatment was based on manual reduction (T1) or rectal amputation (T2), under sacrococcygeal or lombossacral epidural anesthesia, with or without neuroleptic analgesia. The treatments were efficient in all patients; although there was recurrence in two animals, which needed the repetition of the treatment after their delivery to the farm. Based on the cases reported here, it can be concluded that the history and the livestock clinical evaluation are important to identify the primary causes, avoiding relapses. It also concluded that the surgical treatment and the anesthetic protocol used in the patients reported here were efficient and can be applied even under field conditions.(AU)

Notomelia in a piglet (Sus scrofa): Case report and review of the literature.

This report describes a case of notomelia in a female piglet. The extra limb was attached at the interscapular region and was significantly undergrown. Its appendage was bifurcated with a unilateral keratinized tip. This is probably the first report of notomelia in a pig. The observations were compared with the bovine and ovine cases of notomelia reported so far.

External and computed tomography analysis of a strophocephalic lamb.

CONTEXT: The Museum of Anatomy and Embryology Louis Deroubaix attached to the Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomecanics and Organogenesis, ULB, Brussels, possesses in its liquid collections a cephalic extremity of a lamb suffering from strophocephaly. The origins have not been determined. The trunk and the limbs are resected. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The piece has been studied and photographed. A volumic computed tomography acquisition has been performed with a Siemens Volume Zoom. For pedagogic and museological purposes, surface reconstructions and 3D printing have been obtained. RESULTS: An otocephaly is observed. Both ears are located in place of the oral cavity. The mandible is welded to the braincase. The eyeballs are close together (synophtalmia) which confirms the presence of a cyclotocephaly. They are surmounted by a rudimentary snout rather than a proboscis. The presence of this muzzle allows the anomaly to be classified as a strophocephaly, a malformation already described in sheeps. CT slices of the brain show a semi-lobar holoprosencephaly with incomplete division of the cerebral hemispheres and ventricules. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The CT examination allows the facial anomalies to be allocated to a holoprosencephaly. The singularity of this case, compared to the human cyclotocephalies, is the presence of a differentiated muzzle rather than a simple proboscis. The holoprosencephaly is uncomplete. Such anomalies have been associated with an entire absence of cerebral differentiation but with a complete absence of the muzzle. The tridimensional printing represents an interesting educational tool easily transportable in contrast to the original specimen.

Congenital abnormalities and arthrogryposis in newly born lambs in Al Muthanna province Iraq. Suspicion of Akabane virus infection / Anormalidades congênitas e artrogripose em cordeiros recém-nascidos na província de Al Muthanna, Iraque. Suspeita de infecção pelo vírus Akabane

Akabane virus, a member of the Orthobunyavirus genus in the family Bunyaviridae, causes congenital abnormalities and arthrogryposis with hydrocephalus or hydroencephaly in ruminants. This study intends to describe the clinical signs, gross and histopathological features seen in 25 affected lambs in an outbreak of congenital arthrogryposis with hydrocephalus or hydranencephaly in Al-Muthanna governorate, Iraq after a large number of stillbirths and musculoskeletal deformities from October 2017 to May 2018. Skeletal muscle hypoplasia was seen in the limbs of the affected lambs accompanied with severe arthrogryposis and gross visible brain malformations. In addition, fetal mummifications, stillbirths, and dead lambs were also seen. The most histopathological features in muscle fibers were degenerative lesions and absences of cross-striation accompanied with mild infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells in severely affected lambs. The meninges of affected lambs revealed fused membranes with focal areas of fibrous thickenings and necrotic debris. In conclusion, according to clinical signs, gross and histopathological investigations, Akabane virus, a member of the Orthobunyavirus genus in the family Bunyaviridae, causes congenital abnormalities and arthrogryposis with hydrocephalus or hydroencephaly in ruminants and could be the cause of this outbreak, although future studies must be performed to confirm the etiology of this outbreak. Moreover, other causes of hydrocephalus or cerebellar malformation, such as Schmallenberg virus, bluetongue virus and border disease virus and teratogenic plants that lead to arthrogryposis, have to be investigated. Also, the authorities should take prevention and control measurements to stop the replication of arthropod vectors.(AU)

O presente trabalho descreve os sinais clínicos, as lesões macroscópicas e os aspectos histológicos observados em 25 cordeiros acometidos em um surto de artrogripose congênita com hidrocéfalo ou hidrocefalia registrado no Iraque, governadoria Al-Muthama após a ocorrência de nascimentos prematuros e deformidades músculo-esqueléticas no período compreendido entre outubro de 2017 e maio de 2018. A hipoplasia músculo-esquelética foi observada nos membros dos cordeiros afetados, acompanhada de severa artrogripose e malformações cerebrais, grosseiras visíveis, além de mumificações fetais, nascimentos prematuros e morte de cordeiros. Os principais aspectos histopatológicos nas fibras musculares foram lesões degenerativas e ausências da estriação cruzada acompanhada de leve infiltração de neutrófilos e células mononucleares dos cordeiros severamente afetados. As meninges dos cordeiros afetados apresentaram fusão de membranas com áreas focais de espessamento fibroso e debris necróticos. O vírus Akabane, um membro do gênero Orthobunyavirus, da família Bunyaviridae, causa anormalidades congênitas e artrogripose com hidrocéfalo e hidrocefalia em ruminantes e poderá vir a ser a causa do presente surto. Os autores recomendam a realização de novos estudos com investigações epidemiológicas e isolamento do agente causal. Contudo, outras causas de hidrocéfalo ou malformações cerebrais como as determinadas pelo vírus Schmallenberg, vírus da língua azul e vírus da doença de border, bem como de plantas teratogênicas que determinam a artrogripose, também deverão ser investigadas. As autoridades sanitárias deverão tomar medidas de prevenção e controle para bloquear a replicação do vírus em artrópodes vetores.(AU)

Doenças podais em ovinos no estado da Bahia / Foot diseases in sheep in the state of Bahia, Brazil

As doenças dos cascos são as principais causas de claudicação em pequenos ruminantes, causando grande impacto no bem-estar dos animais e provocando sérias perdas econômicas com depreciação e abate de animais afetados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a ocorrência e caracterizar as doenças podais encontradas em oito rebanhos de ovinos com histórico de doenças podais pertencentes a oito municípios do estado da Bahia. Em cada visita, foram realizadas inspeções do rebanho, aplicação de um questionário de pesquisa e caracterização das doenças. No total, 600 ovinos foram inspecionados, realizando exame do casco em animais doentes para caracterizar as lesões, registrar a quantidade de doenças presentes por animal, o casco afetado e a quantidade de membros afetados. A ocorrência de doença de casco foi de 23,3% (140/600) variando de 12,8 a 55,5% por fazenda. Duzentos e vinte casos envolvendo nove doenças foram registrados. A pododermatite infecciosa foi a doença mais comum com 51,3% dos casos (113/220), 70% correspondente aos estágios avançados e terminais. A dermatite interdigital representou 27,7% dos casos; crescimento excessivo dos cascos 8,6%; doença da linha branca 3,2%; sola dupla 3,2%; granuloma do dígito 2,3%; hiperplasia interdigital 2,3%; úlcera de sola 0,9% e 0,4% de abcesso de pé. Os principais fatores predisponentes envolvidos na ocorrência das doenças foram a alta precipitação pluviométrica, condições de umidade do solo, currais e pastagens, manejo sanitário deficiente e falta de medidas preventivas (pedilúvio, quarentena, isolamento e vacinação), falhas de tratamento e baixa infra-estrutura da maioria das propriedades.(AU)

Foot diseases are the main causes of lameness in small ruminants, causing great impact on animal welfare and important economic losses due to depreciation and culling of affected animals. The aim of the present study was to characterize foot diseases found in eight flocks of sheep with a history of the ailment, that belonged to eight municipalities in the state of Bahia. At each visit, inspection of the flock, survey questionnaire, and characterization of diseases were performed. Altogether 600 sheep were inspected through foot examination in sick animals to characterize the injuries and record the diseases present per animal, as affected hooves and the number of affected limbs. The occurrence of foot disease was 23.3% (140/600) ranging from 12.8 to 55.5% per farm. Two hundred and twenty cases involving nine diseases were recorded. Foot rot was the most common disease with 51.3% of cases (113/220), 70% corresponding to advanced and terminal stages. Interdigital dermatitis represented 27.7% of the cases, excessive hoof growth 8.6%, white line disease 3.2%, double soles 3.2%, toe granuloma 2.3%, interdigital hyperplasia 2.3%, sole ulcers 0.9% and 0.4% foot abscess. The main predisposing factors involved in the genesis of diseases were the high rainfall precipitation, soil moisture conditions, pens and pastures, poor sanitary management and lack of preventive measures (footbath, quarantine, isolation and vaccination), treatment failures and low infrastructure of most properties.(AU)

Importância da transfaunação no tratamento da acidose láctica ruminal aguda induzida em cabras e ovelhas / Value of transfaunation for the treatment of induced ruminal lactic acidosis in goats and sheep

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a importância da transfaunação no tratamento e recuperação de cabras e ovelhas com acidose lática ruminal aguda (ALRA) induzida experimentalmente. Seis cabras (41,2±5,6kg) e seis ovelhas (46,8±4,57kg), não gestantes e não lactantes, receberam 15g de sacarose por quilo de peso corporal para indução da enfermidade. A ALRA foi induzida duas vezes em cada animal, com intervalo de 30 dias após recuperação total da primeira indução. Os procedimentos terapêuticos consistiram na remoção do conteúdo ruminal líquido por lavagem e sifonamento com auxílio de sondagem esofágica, e na correção da acidose metabólica com soluções eletrolíticas, contendo lactato ou bicarbonato de sódio, infundidas por via intravenosa. A transfaunação fez parte de apenas um dos tratamentos de cada animal e consistiu na administração por sondagem esofágica de 2L de suco ruminal de um bovino sadio. A recuperação completa foi avaliada por exames físicos e exames do suco ruminal realizados até quatro dias após os procedimentos terapêuticos. A eficácia dos protocolos de tratamento, com ou sem transfaunação, foi comparada. O protocolo de indução foi efetivo em induzir a enfermidade e as cabras e ovelhas apresentaram sinais clínicos de intensidade máxima (apatia, atonia ruminal, distensão abdominal, diarreia de consistência pastosa a líquida e desidratação moderada) 16 horas após a administração intrarruminal de sacarose, sem distinção entre as espécies. Neste momento, as características do suco ruminal mostraram-se semelhantes aos quadros típicos de ALRA. A frequência de movimentos ruminais se normalizou no terceiro dia após os procedimentos terapêuticos, sem diferença entre as espécies, e independente de terem recebido a transfaunação ou não. A transferência de suco ruminal também não acelerou a recuperação do apetite, que foi considerado normal somente no quarto dia após os procedimentos terapêuticos, em ambas as espécies. Em relação ao líquido ruminal, quando receberam a transfaunação, os caprinos e ovinos apresentaram recuperação das características de cor, odor e consistência mais rapidamente do que quando não receberam. A atividade fermentativa da microbiota ruminal não sofreu influência da transfaunação e se normalizou dois e três dias após os procedimentos terapêuticos nas ovelhas e cabras, respectivamente. A transfaunação promoveu o retorno mais rápido da população de protozoários ruminais, que já foram observados 24 horas após os procedimentos terapêuticos, em ambas as espécies. Quando os animais não receberam a transfaunação, o retorno dos protozoários só ocorreu no segundo dia após os procedimentos terapêuticos. A recuperação completa dos animais estudados ocorreu em até quatro dias, independente da realização da transfaunação ou não. Conclui-se que a transferência de suco ruminal não pode ser considerada medida crucial para o tratamento e convalescença de caprinos e ovinos acometidos por de ALRA.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of transfaunation in the treatment and recovery of goats and sheep with acute rumen lactic acidosis (ARLA) experimentally induced. Six goats (41.2±5.6kg) and six sheep (46.8±4.57kg), non-pregnant and non-lactating, received 15g of sucrose per kilogram of body weight for the disease induction. The ARLA was induced in each animal twice with an interval of 30 days after full recovery of the first induction. Therapeutic procedures consisted in removal of the rumen fluid content by washing and siphoning with an esophageal tube and correction of metabolic acidosis with intravenous electrolyte solutions containing sodium lactate or sodium bicarbonate. The transfaunation was part of only one of each animal treatment and consisted in administration of two liters of rumen fluid colleted from a healthy cow. Complete recovery was assessed by physical examinations and rumen fluid examinations up to four days after therapeutic procedures. The efficacy of treatment protocols, with or without transfaunation was compared. The protocol used was effective in induce the disease and goats and sheep showed clinical signs of maximum intensity (apathy, rumen stasis, abdominal distension, diarrhea and moderate dehydration) 16 hours after the intraruminal administration of sucrose. At this moment, the characteristics of ruminal fluid were similar to the typical ARLA. The frequency of ruminal movements became normal on the third day after therapeutic procedures, with no difference between species, and regardless transfaunation. The ruminal fluid transfer did not accelerate the recovery of appetite, considered normal only on the fourth day after treatment in both species. When transfauntation was received, goats and sheep showed recovery of characteristics of color, odor and consistency faster than when they did not receive. The fermentative activity of the rumen microbiota was not impacted by transfaunation and normalized two and three days after therapeutic procedures in sheep and goats, respectively. The transfaunation promoted faster return of the protozoa population, which was observed 24 hours after therapeutic procedures in both species. When the animals did not receive transfaunation, the protozoa returns occurred only on the second day after therapeutic procedures. Full recovery of the animals occurred within four days, regardless of transfaunation. In conclusion, the ruminal fluid transfer can not be considered crucial for the treatment and convalescence of goats and sheep affected by ARLA.(AU)

Malformações congênitas e abortos induzidos experimentalmente pela ingestão de Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul. ) L. P. Queiroz (catingueira) em ovelhas / Congenital malformations and abortions induced experimentally by the ingestion of Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul. ) L. P. Queiroz (catingueira) in sheep

Poincianella pyramidalis (catingueira) é uma planta tóxica associada a abortos, perdas embrionárias e malformações em caprinos e animais de laboratório. Surtos e casos esporádicos de intoxicação espontânea em ovinos vem sendo relatados nos últimos cinco anos no agreste de Pernambuco. Devido à ocorrência destes casos espontâneos e a escassez de pesquisas na espécie ovina, o objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar um estudo experimental para avaliação dos efeitos teratogênicos de P. pyramidalis em ovelhas. No experimento foram utilizadas 16 ovelhas e três carneiros, sem raça definida (SRD). As fêmeas foram divididas em quatro grupos, com quatro animais por grupo e mantidas em baias individuais, foram submetidas a sincronização do estro e acasalamento por monta natural, após 30 dias foi realizado o diagnóstico para confirmação da gestação. Os grupos foram denominados como: grupo 1 (G1), grupo 2 (G2), grupo 3 (G3) e grupo 4 (G4). No G1 (controle) as ovelhas foram alimentadas com 1% de suplementação concentrada (SC) baseado no peso vivo (PV) e 2% de volumoso a base de silagem de milho (SM), com uma ingestão diária de 3% de matéria seca (MS) com base no PV. No G2 a alimentação era constituída de 1% de SC com base no PV e 2% de volumoso. Sendo que destes 2% de volumoso, 50% era feno de P. pyramidalis e os outros 50% de SM. No G3 a alimentação era constituída de 1% de SC com base no PV e 2% de volumoso. Sendo que destes 2% de volumoso, 80% foi de feno de P. pyramidalis e os outros 20% de SM. No G4 as ovelhas foram alimentadas com 1% de SC com base no PV e o volumoso constituído de 100% de feno de P. pyramidalis. Todos os grupos receberam SC à base de farelo de milho, farelo de algodão, sal mineral especifico para ovinos e água ad libitum. Mensalmente os animais foram submetidos à ultrassonografia para detecção de perdas embrionárias ou fetais. Foram realizados exames sorológicos para Neospora caninum e Toxoplasma gondii antes da introdução dos animais no experimento. Os fetos com malformações foram avaliados no setor de Patologia da UFRPE / Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns (UAG) para descrição das lesões. No G2, ocorreram cinco casos de malformações de oito cordeiros nascidos. No G3, ocorreram quatro casos de malformação, sendo um decorrente de aborto. No G4, uma ovelha abortou e as outras três pariram quatro fetos malformados. As principais malformações encontradas no trabalho foram artrogripose, palatosquise, queilosquise, hipoplasia da mandíbula, aplasia do osso incisivo, malformações de olho e língua, polidactilia e monodactilia. Nos grupos de maior percentual de ingestão da planta foram observadas maiores quantidades de malformações e chamou a atenção a ocorrência de retenção de placenta e a alta frequência de mortalidade perinatal nos cordeiros que apresentaram algum tipo de malformação. Demonstrou-se com esse trabalho que a P. pyramidalis é uma importante causa de malformação congênita, aborto e mortalidade perinatal em ovinos, sendo de extrema importância que se mantenha as ovelhas prenhes fora do alcance desta planta durante todo o período gestacional.(AU)

Poincianella pyramidalis (catingueira) is a toxic plant associated with abortions, embryonic losses and malformations in goats and laboratory animals. Outbreaks and sporadic cases of spontaneous intoxication in sheep have been reported in the last five years in the agreste of Pernambuco. Due to the occurrence of these spontaneous cases and the lack of researches in sheep, an experimental study was carried out to evaluate the teratogenic effects of P. pyramidalis on sheep. In the experiment, 16 female and three male sheeps, mixed breed, were used. Females were divided in four groups, with four animals per group and maintained in individual stalls, underwent estrus synchronization and mating by natural mating and after 30 days the diagnosis was made to confirm gestation. Groups were named group 1 (G1), group 2 (G2), group 3 (G3), and group 4 (G4). In G1 (control) the ewes were fed with 1% of concentrate supplementation (CS) based on live weight (LW) and 2% of maize silage (MS) with a daily intake of 3% dry matter (DM) based on LW. In G2 feeding was constituted of 1% of CS based on LW and 2% of forage, including 2% of roughage, 50% was hay of P. pyramidalis and the other 50% of DM. In G3 feed was constituted of 1% of CS based on LW and 2% of roughage. Among these 2% of roughage, 80% was hay of P. pyramidalis and the other 20% of DM. In G4 the sheep were fed with 1% CS based on the LW and the roughage consisting of 100% P. pyramidalis hay. All groups received CS with corn meal, cottonseed meal, mineral salt specific for sheep and water ad libitum. Animals were monthly submitted to ultrasonography to detect embryonic or fetal losses. Serological tests were performed for Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii before introduction of the animals in the experiment. Fetuses with malformations were evaluated in the Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Pathology of the Academic Unit of Garanhuns (UAG), UFRPE, to describe the lesions. In G2, there were five cases of malformations of eight born lambs. In G3, there were four cases of malformation, one due to abortion. In G4, one sheep aborted and the other three gave birth to four malformed fetuses. Main malformations found in the study were arthrogryposis, palatoschisis, chylosquisis, hypoplasia of the mandible, aplasia of the incisive bone, malformations of the eye and tongue, polidactyly and monodactyly. In the groups with higher doses, larger numbers of malformations were observed, and the occurrence of placental retention and the high frequency of perinatal mortality in lambs presenting some type of malformation were noted. It has been demonstrated that P. pyramidalis is an important cause of congenital malformation, abortion and perinatal mortality in sheep, therefore keeping pregnant sheep away from this plant throughout the gestation period is utmost important.(AU)

Malformações em pequenos ruminantes no semiárido da Bahia: aspectos epidemiológicos, clínico-patológicos e radiológicos / Malformations in small ruminants in the semi-arid region of Bahia: epidemiological, clinical-pathological and radiological aspects

O objetivo do presente trabalho é descrever os principais aspectos epidemiológicos, clínico-patológicos e radiológicos de malformações em pequenos ruminantes no semiárido do estado da Bahia. Foram realizadas visitas técnicas em 41 propriedades rurais no município de Uauá, Bahia, e em cada uma delas foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico. Adicionalmente, quando se observavam casos de malformações, os animais eram avaliados vivos ou mortos. Foram necropsiados oito animais (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 e 8), e dois (7 e 8) foram submetidos a exame radiográfico. Sobre a alimentação do rebanho, 40 (97,56%) produtores rurais relataram o livre acesso de seus animais à vegetação nativa. Em relação à presença de Mimosa tenuiflora, 5 (12,2%) informaram que os animais tinham acesso à planta, 15 (36,6 %) disseram que tinham pouco contato, enquanto que 21 (51,2 %) relataram que não havia nenhum contato com a planta, pois essa espécie não estava presente em número relevante na região. Vinte e cinco dos 41 proprietários (60,98%) relataram o consumo de Poincianella pyramidalis. Foi constatado ainda que na maioria das propriedades havia muitas áreas invadidas por P. pyramidalis (80-90% da vegetação). As principais anormalidades relatadas pelos entrevistados em 36 propriedades foram artrogripose (87,80%), agnatia [22 (53,66%)], desvio lateral da mandíbula [11 (26,82%)], escoliose [6 (14,63%)], micrognatia [6 (14,63%)], fenda palatina [4 (9,75%)], crânio aumentado de tamanho [4 (9,75%)], microftalmia [2 (4,88%)], braquignatismo [1 (2,43%)], exoftalmia [1 (2,43%)] e deformidades múltiplas no crânio [1 (2,43%)]. No exame clínico de 13 animais com malformações, as principais alterações foram artrogripose bilateral dos membros torácicos (6/13); queilosquise (2/13); micrognatia (1/13) e má oclusão dentária (1/13). Considerando que algumas dessas malformações foram reproduzidas experimentalmente em caprinos pode-se sugerir P. pyramidalis como mais uma planta teratogênica para ruminantes no Nordeste do Brasil.(AU)

The aim of this paper is to describe the epidemiological, clinical-pathological and radiological aspects of malformations in small ruminants in the semi-arid state of Bahia. Technical visits were carried out in 41 rural properties in the city of Uauá, Bahia, and in each of them, an epidemiological questionnaire was applied. In addition, when malformations were observed, the animals were evaluated alive or dead. Eight animals (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8) were necropsied, and two (7 and 8) were submitted to radiographic examination. Regarding the feeding of the herd, 40 (97.56%) farmers reported the free access of their animals to the native vegetation. Regarding the presence of Mimosa tenuiflora, 5 (12.2%) said that the animals had access to the plant, 15 (36.6%) was informed they had little contact, while 21 (51.2%) reported that there was no contact with the plant, because this species were not present in a relevant number in the region. Twenty five out of 41 owners (60.98%) reported the consumption of Poincianella pyramidalis. It was also verified that in the majority of the properties there were many areas invaded by P. pyramidalis (80-90% of the vegetation). The main abnormalities reported by the interviewees on 36 properties were arthrogryposis (87.80%), agnatia [22 (53.66%)], lateral deviation of the mandible [11 (26.82%)], scoliosis [6 (14.63%)], micrognathia [6 (14.63%)], cleft palate [4 (9.75%)], skull enlarged in size [4 (9.75%)], microphthalmia [2 (4.88%)], braquignatism [1 (2.43%)], exophthalmia [1 (2.43%)] and, multiple deformities in the skull [1 (2.43%)]. In the clinical examination of 13 animals with malformations, the main alterations were bilateral arthrogryposis of the thoracic limbs (6/13); cleft lip (2/13); micrognathia (1/13) and dental malocclusion (1/13). Considering that some of these malformations were reproduced experimentally in goats, it is possible to suggest P. pyramidalis as another teratogenic plant for ruminants in Northeast Brazil.(AU)

Cranial morphology in the brachygnathic sheep.

BACKGROUND: Craniofacial morphology of sheep with phenotypically observed mandibular distocclusion was analysed using the multivariate techniques principle component analysis and cluster analysis in order to test whether different types of craniofacial malformations can be distinguished. RESULTS: The results showed 8 principal components with a variance of 82.72% in the database. The method creates new variables then used in the Cluster analysis indicating 7 clusters with 3 different facial types: Normal, prognathia inferior and brachygnathia inferior. CONCLUSION: The brachygnathic facial type was mainly characterised as a shortened mandible, the upper jaw is not significantly involved. The correlations to the temporomandibular joint were shown. Molar and premolar malocclusions were revealed in two of three Clusters. Phenotypical distocclusion was not a single criterion for the affected sheep.

Bochdalek Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia in an Adult Sheep.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a rare condition. The aetiology of CDH is often unclear. In our case, a hollow mass was noted on MRI. Cardiac ejection fraction was diminished (47.0%) compared to 60.5% (average of 10 other normal animals, P < 0.05). The final diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (Bochdalek type) was made when the sheep underwent surgery. The hernia was right-sided and contained the abomasum. Lung biopsy demonstrated incomplete development with a low number of bronchopulmonary segments and vessels. The likely cause of this hernia was genetic malformation.

Schmallenberg disease in sheep or goats: Past, present and future.

Schmallenberg disease has emerged in North-Western Europe in 2011 and has since spread widely, even across the European borders. It has the potency to infect many, mainly ruminant, species, but seems to lack zoonotic potential. Horizontal transmission occurs through various Culicoides biting midges and subsequent trans-placental transmission causes teratogenic effects. In some small ruminants, clinical signs, including fever, decreased milk production and diarrhea occur during the viraemic phase, but infection is mostly asymptomatic. However, fetal Schmallenberg virus infection in naïve ewes and goats can result in stillborn offspring, showing a congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome. The economic impact of infection depends on the number of malformed lambs, but is generally limited. There is debate on whether Schmallenberg virus has newly emerged or is re-emerging, since it is likely one of the ancestors of Shamonda virus, both Orthobunyaviruses belonging to the species Sathuperi virus within the Simbu serogroup viruses. Depending on the vector-borne transmission and the serologic status, future outbreaks of Schmallenberg disease induced congenital disease are expected.

Approach to Investigating Congenital Skeletal Abnormalities in Livestock.

Congenital skeletal abnormalities may be genetic, teratogenic, or nutritional in origin; distinguishing among these different causes is essential in the management of the disease but may be challenging. In some cases, teratogenic or nutritional causes of skeletal abnormalities may appear very similar to genetic causes. For example, chondrodysplasia associated with intrauterine zinc or manganese deficiency and mild forms of hereditary chondrodysplasia have very similar clinical features and histologic lesions. Therefore, historical data are essential in any attempt to distinguish genetic and acquired causes of skeletal lesions; as many animals as possible should be examined; and samples should be collected for future analysis, such as genetic testing. Acquired causes of defects often show substantial variation in presentation and may improve with time, while genetic causes frequently have a consistent presentation. If a disease is determined to be of genetic origin, a number of approaches may be used to detect mutations, each with advantages and disadvantages. These approaches include sequencing candidate genes, single-nucleotide polymorphism array with genomewide association studies, and exome or whole genome sequencing. Despite advances in technology and increased cost-effectiveness of these techniques, a good clinical history and description of the pathology and a reliable diagnosis are still key components of any investigation.

Estudo retrospectivo das neoplasias em ruminantes e equídeos no semiárido do Nordeste Brasileiro / Retrospective study of tumors in ruminants and horses in semiarid Northeast of Brazil

In Brazil, data related to occurrence of tumors in livestock are scarce. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of tumors diagnosed in equidae, cattle, sheep and goats in the Pathology Laboratory of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, state of Paraíba, from 1983 to 2010, and to analyze the risk factors by the chi square test, considering variables such as species, breed, age and sex. During the period, 177 (5.6%) out of 3153 specimens from biopsies or necropsies were diagnosed as tumors. There were significant differences (p<0.001) in the frequency of tumors among different species; horses (10.6%) were more affected than cattle (6.8%), and cattle were more affected than goats (3.3%) and sheep (2.1%). Squamous cell carcinoma was most frequent tumor in cattle (58.3% of the tumors), sheep (80%) and goats (46.1%), and sarcoid (45.3%) was the most frequent in horses. Regarding the location, neoplasms were more common in the skin of horses (62.5%) and sheep (60%), in the eyes and periocular skin in cattle (36.1%), and un the female reproductive system (perineal region and vulva) of goats (34.6%). Regarding the sex of the animals, only cattle had significant prevalence (p<0.001). Regarding age only goats showed significant prevalence (p=0.015). There was no significant prevalence in any animal species in relation to race. We concluded that squamous cell carcinomas in ruminants and equine sarcoid are the most common tumors in livestock in the semiarid Brazilian Northeast, and the equidae were the most affected among the species studied.

No Brasil, dados relacionados com a ocorrência de neoplasias em ruminantes e equinos são escassos. Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar a frequência de neoplasias diagnosticadas em bovinos, caprinos, ovinos e equídeos no Laboratório de Patologia Animal da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, durante o período de 1983 a 2010 e analisar os fatores de risco, mediante o teste de qui-quadrado, considerando como variáveis, espécie, raça, sexo e idade. Durante o período foram registrados 177 (5,6%) tumores de um total de 3.153 diagnósticos provenientes de biópsias e necropsias. Houve diferenças significantes (p<0,001) na frequência de tumores entre as diferentes espécies sendo mais acometidos os equinos (10,6%), seguidos pelos bovinos (6,8%), caprinos (3,3%) e ovinos (2,1%). Os tumores mais frequentes foram o carcinoma células escamosas (CCE) nos bovinos (58,3%), ovinos (80%) e caprinos (46,1%) e o sarcoide em equinos (45,3%). Quanto à localização anatômica, as neoplasias foram mais frequentes na pele em equídeos (62,5%) e ovinos (60%), olho e tecido periocular em bovinos (36,1%) e sistema reprodutor feminino (períneo e vulva) em caprinos (34,6%). Em relação ao sexo dos animais, apenas os bovinos apresentaram prevalência significativa (p<0,001). Em relação à idade apenas os caprinos apresentaram prevalência significativa (p=0,015). Não houve prevalência significativa em nenhuma espécie em relação à raça. Conclui-se que os carcinomas de células escamosas em ruminantes e o sarcoide em equídeos são os tumores mais frequentes em animais de produção no semiárido do Nordeste Brasileiro e que a espécie equina foi a mais acometida dentre as espécies estudadas.

Cambios en la vejiga después de varias modalidades de cobertura en el modelo de mielomeningocele inducido quirúrgicamente en corderos / Bladder Changes After Several Coverage Modalities in the Surgically Induced Model of Myelomeningocele in Lambs

Objetivo: Determinar las anomalías vesicales precoces en un modelo animal de mielomeningocele (MMC) con y sin corrección quirúrgica intraútero. Método: Creamos una lesión similar al MMC en 18 fetos de cordero entre los días 60 y 80 de gestación. Ocho de ellos no se repararon prenatalmente (grupo A), 3 se intervinieron mediante cierre abierto en 2 planos (grupo B), 3 se cerraron con pegamento biológico (grupo C ) y 4 por fetoscopia (grupo D). Al final de la gestación las vejigas se estudiaron macroscópica e histológicamente usando tinción de hematoxilina-eosina y tricrómico de Masson. Resultados: Cinco animales del grupo A (5/8, 62%), 2 en el grupo B (2/3, 66%), uno en el grupo C (1/3, 33%) y uno en el grupo D (1/4, 25%) sobrevivieron. Macroscópicamente las vejigas del grupo A estaban muy dilatadas y sus paredes eran muy finas. Microscópicamente mostraban una delgada capa de colágeno (capa azul [CA]) inmediatamente por debajo del urotelio; las capas musculares estaban muy adelgazadas. En el grupo no corregido también encontramos vejigas de baja acomodación, con paredes engrosadas y capacidad disminuida. El grupo B y el control mostraban preservación de las capas musculares y ausencia de CA. Los grupos C y D presentaban CA y preservación de las capas musculares. Conclusión: Los cambios vesicales en el modelo quirúrgico de MMC en corderos pueden describirse mediante datos histopatológicos. Ambos extremos del espectro pueden darse en dicho modelo. Estos cambios pueden prevenirse por completo mediante cirugía fetal abierta y parcialmente a través de otras formas de cobertura

Objective: To assess the presence of early bladder abnormalities in a prenatally corrected and uncorrected animal model of Myelomeningocele (MMC). Method: A MMC-like lesion was surgically created in 18 fetal lambs between the 60th and the 80th day of gestation. Eight of them did not undergo fetal repair (group A), three were repaired with an open two-layer closure (group B), three using BioGlue(R) (group C) and four fetoscopically (group D). At term, bladders were examined macroscopically and histopathological changes were assessed using H-E and Masson Trichrome. Results: Five animals in group A (5/8, 62%), two in group B (2/3, 66%), one in group C (1/3, 33%) and one in group D (1/4, 25%) survived. Macroscopically bladders in group A were severely dilated and showed thinner walls. Microscopically they showed a thin layer of colagenous tissue (Blue layer. BL) lying immediately subjacent to the urothelium. The muscular layers were thinner. Non compliant pattern with thick wall and low capacity was also found in the non corrected model. Group B and the control showed preservation of muscular layers and absence of BL. Groups C and D presented BL but also preservation of muscular layers. Conclusion: Bladder changes in a surgically induced model of MMC can be described using histopathological data. Both extremes of bladder changes can be observed in the model. These changes were completely prevented with open fetal surgery and partially with other coverage modalities